Extremely disadvantaged people in Scotland are dying early at 'appalling' rates, Glasgow study finds

The most disadvantaged Scots have the highest rates of premature mortality from avoidable causes of death, new research has found.

Using population data from Glasgow of more than half a million people, researchers from the University of Glasgow were able to show that homelessness, opioid addiction, involvement in the criminal justice system and psychosis were all independently, and jointly linked to early and avoidable deaths.

The same people experience exclusion from general society through stigma and discrimination and face restrictions on basic freedoms or rights such as privacy, along with barriers to accessing public services, including health care.

Experiencing any one of these forms of extreme disadvantage in isolation is known to be associated with higher rates of ill health and premature death, compared with those in general society, even after accounting for other factors.

Now, this new research suggests that those who experience more than one of these disadvantages, are most at risk of premature and avoidable death.

David, who was a member of the advisory group for the project, describes himself as “having spent eight years in local authority care and 15 years revolving around a system of homelessness, prison, probation and A&E departments”.

He said: “As a person of lived experience who has journeyed along many of the paths in the study field, I found the whole piece of work very thought provoking.

“My experience of living and working on that front line for 35 years is that people who endure this life cycle for many years and seem incapable of change are usually rooted in traumatic experiences in their life.

“As a society we seem fixated on treating the symptoms of trauma as opposed to treating the trauma itself. We are currently leading Europe on homeless deaths, drug deaths and rates of imprisonment to name but a few. We really need to get underneath the drivers for all these areas as well as the premature deaths.”

Most of the avoidable deaths included within the study’s data were caused by preventable conditions.

Overall, the researchers found that deaths from avoidable causes among people who faced multiple forms of extreme disadvantage was higher than among those who had only experienced one.

Deaths from avoidable causes were also in turn higher among those with one form of extreme disadvantage when compared with people who had not experienced any.

Another striking finding was high death rates from common long-term conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease.

The researchers believe the study highlights a need for wide-ranging policy and service efforts, to help prevent these experiences and better address the associated poor health outcomes.

Dr Emily Tweed, lead author of the study said: “People affected by multiple forms of extreme disadvantage are dying early at appalling rates, often from conditions which are preventable or treatable. The challenges of struggling to keep a roof over your head, to restart your life after prison, and facing drug or mental health problems all take their toll on health.

“But there’s a huge amount we can do to support those affected – and prevent these experiences in the first place – by more joined-up working across different services and by tackling underlying causes such as poverty, unaffordable housing, and discrimination.”

The paper, Premature mortality in people affected by co-occurring homelessness, justice involvement, opioid dependence, and psychosis: a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data, is published in the Lancet Public Health.